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Questions designed to generate a "big list" of certain results, examples, conjectures, etc. via many individual answers, each contributing one or a few instances. Such a question should typically be in Community Wiki mode (CW); after asking, please, flag for moderators attention requesting the question to be made CW.
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What are some mathematical concepts that were (pretty much) created from scratch and do not ...
Almost any mathematical concept has antecedents; it builds on, or is related to, previously known concepts. But are there concepts that owe little or nothing to previous work?
The only example I know …
2
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Quick proofs of hard theorems
Power series. Both conceptually and computationally, in the 17th century they replaced a multitude of ad-hoc methods that had been used for millennia.
3
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Quick proofs of hard theorems
The fundamental theorem of calculus; all the long and difficult proofs of Eudoxus and Archimedes became clear and simple. Similarly with co-ordinate geometry.
21
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What are some mathematical concepts that were (pretty much) created from scratch and do not ...
I wonder if Euler deducing the infinitude of primes from the divergence of the harmonic series or Riemann's work on the Riemann zeta function would be suitable examples?