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Billiards are a class of dynamical systems in which a point particle moves uniformly in a domain $D\subset \mathbb{R}^d$ except for mirror-like reflections from the boundary. Varying $D$ leads to examples satisfying many ergodic properties. Billiards enhance visual explanations of dynamical concepts to students and the general public. There are many applications in physics and image processing. The free motion and/or reflection rule may be generalized.
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Why is the billiard problem for obtuse triangles so hard?
Start from the simplest path, a triangle with angles $\alpha, \beta, \gamma$, and build the unique triangle for which this path is a billiard path. It's easy to see that the latter triangle has angles …