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Greg Kuperberg
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Pascal Triangle and Prime Numbers

My question @ StackOverflow just got closed as not programing related so I'm posting here.

Please refer to the question @ SO, since:

  • sorry, new users can only post a maximum of one hyperlink
  • sorry, new users aren't allowed to use image tags

[Edited to include enough links and images by GJK.]


Back in the days when I was in high-school I developed a big interest about number theory specifically prime numbers and prefect numbers, I used to stay awake all night long with a bunch of sketch papers trying to come up with a formula to generate / test prime numbers. I discovered a lot of things by my own like $p(p + 1)/2$ is a perfect number when p is a Mersenne prime.

I was so obsessed back then that I used to make mental calculations when I was asleep, I remember one day waking up really excited because I had discovered that $2^p - 2 = 0 \pmod p$ when $p$ is a prime, only to discover a few weeks later that Pierre de Fermat had a similar idea but, unfortunately it didn't work for pseudoprimes. I was very disappointed back then and I started playing with the Pascal triangle.

Blaise Pascal, Marin Mersenne and Pierre de Fermat were contemporaneous and shared thoughts with letters, in fact if you think a bit both the Mersenne prime formula and the Fermat primality test seem to be closely related with the rows of the Pascal triangle (the sum of all numbers in row $n$ is $2^n$ where the first and last numbers are $1$, hence the $-1$ in the Mersenne formula and $-1$ or $-2$ in the primality tests).

I coded a Pascal Triangle generator with PHP and HTML that highlighted all the numbers that were multiples of a specific number and the results amazed me, and until this day I don't know why this happens and I would very much like to know why. Instead of trying to explain, I'll post here the images.

Composite Example:

multiples of 6 http://i48.tinypic.com/23jsnyq.jpg

Prime Example:

multiples of 2 http://i50.tinypic.com/xp0due.jpg

I think the difference [between the prime and composite cases] is obvious, but if you're confused just say so and I'll try to go into it a bit more...

Can anyone explain me why does this happens?

Alix Axel
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