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Joseph O'Rourke
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Patterns in roots of integer-coefficient polynomials

Below are shown two displays of all the roots of polynomials $$c_n x^n + c_{n-1} x^{n-1} + \cdots + c_1 x + c_0 \;=\; 0$$ with each coefficient $c_i$ an integer $|c_i| \le c_{\max}$ (including $c_i=0$). No doubt this is all well-known, but I would be interested to learn what results explain the patterns in the distributions, especially the holes, both surrounding the real axis—in both shape and location—and the off-axis holes, perhaps more evident in the degree-$3$ plot than in the degree-$5$ plot.


          [![roots_n3c6][1]][1]
          Roots of polynomials of degree $\le 3$ and integer coefficients $|c_i| \le 6$.
          [![roots_n5c5][2]][2]
          Roots of polynomials of degree $\le 5$ and integer coefficients $|c_i| \le 5$.
Joseph O'Rourke
  • 150.8k
  • 36
  • 358
  • 958