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This problem involves the Catalan numbers $C_n=\frac1{n+1}\binom{2n}n$. I can prove the below equality by computing each of the two sides, directly. That means, there is an algebraic proof. ...

It is well known that for $n>0$ $$d(n)=\det\left(\binom{2i+2j+1}{i+j}\right)_{i,j=0}^{n-1}=1.$$ Computer experiments suggest that more generally $$d(n,k)=\det\left(\binom{2i+2j+2k+1}{i+j}\right)_{i,...