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We consider the following combinatorial game (with two players alternatively playing optimally). Posititions are given by heaps containing $b\geq 0$ black and $w\geq 0$ white stones and are encoded by $(b,w)$ in $\mathbb N^2$ where $\mathbb N=\lbrace 0,1,\ldots\rbrace$.

Players are allowed to remove either a unique black stone or a set of two stones containing at least one white stone. (Moves starting at $(b,w)$ correspond therefore to steps in $\{(-1,0),(-1,-1),(0,-2)\rbrace$ which do not leave the first quadrant.)

Final positions with no move left are $(0,0)$ and $(0,1)$ and are either winning or losing independently (there are therefore $4=2^2$ possibilities).

There seems to be no easy obvious pattern in the set of winning positions for these four games but my computer seems to be convinced of the following fact (for each possible game):

Fix $(\alpha,\beta)$ in $\mathbb N^2$ and consider for every $(a,b)$ in $\mathbb N^2$ the characteristic sequence $W_{(\alpha,\beta)}(a,b)$ in $\lbrace 0,1\rbrace^{\mathbb N}$ encoding winning positions in the arithmetic progression $(\alpha,\beta)+\mathbb N(a,b)$. All sequences $W_{(\alpha,\beta)}(a,b)$ with $a,b\geq 1$ are seemingly ultimately periodic and moreover the union $\cup_{a,b\geq 1}W_{(\alpha,\beta)}(a,b)$ of sequences corresponding to all arithmetic progressions (with integral steps in the open first quadrant) starting at $(\alpha,\beta)$ seems to be a finite (and generally fairly small) set.

Should I throw away my computer?

Upgrade: The characteristic sequence for winning positions $(0,3)+\mathbb N(1,1)$ (with respect to the rule that the last player with moves win) has a short non-periodic prefix since it is seemingly given by $110\overline{101}$.

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  • $\begingroup$ I wouldn't say that the pattern's easy, but my visualisations suggest that the exceptions to the rule $$N \text{ iff } w \bmod 3 = 2 \vee (b + \lfloor \tfrac w3\rfloor) \bmod 2 = \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if val}(0,0) = N \\ 1 & \text{if val}(0,0) = P \end{cases}$$ have enough structure to encode with a lookup table of $12\times 4$ and some Iverson brackets. $\endgroup$ Commented Apr 26, 2023 at 16:08
  • $\begingroup$ Did you compute the nimber values and if so, do they seem to exhibit simple patterns? $\endgroup$ Commented Apr 27, 2023 at 2:04

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Consider the case where $(0,0)$ and $(0,1)$ are winning (i.e. P) positions. There's a biphasic structure.

Let $\operatorname{off}_w(b) = 3 \lfloor \frac b2 \rfloor + (b \bmod 1)$. Then if $w < \operatorname{off}_w(b)$ you look at the periodic table $$\begin{matrix} P & P & N & N & N & N \\ N & N & N & P & P & N\end{matrix}$$ with row indexed by $b \bmod 2$ and column by $w \bmod 6$; otherwise you look at the periodic table $$\begin{matrix}P & P & N & N \\ N & N & P & N \\ N & N & P & P \\ P & N & N & N\end{matrix}$$ with row indexed by $b \bmod 4$ and column indexed by $(w - \operatorname{off}_w(b)) \bmod 4$.

For nimbers, the tables are $$\begin{matrix}0 & 0 & 3 & 1 & 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 1 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 2\end{matrix}$$ and $$\begin{matrix}0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 & 0 & 3 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & 3\end{matrix}$$

I haven't worked through the others to the same level of detail, but I anticipate that they will have similar structures.

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