Most surely I will tag this by reference request: I am sure very much is known about this question, I am just too ignorant to even guess where to look. What makes me feel especially foolish is the suspicion that I've actually seen the answers and just cannot remember where.
I am only aware of two instances of what I want to know, but only aware: these represent complicated cases, and I would like to see into simpler ones.
First, I heard that tmf (or TMF?) is the homotopy inverse limit of all elliptic ring spectra. (As an aside: does one really need all of them? Is there some small diagram of elliptic spectra that suffices to obtain it?)
Second, I heard that the orthogonal K-theory is the homotopy fixed point spectrum for an involution on the complex K-theory. And that (maybe) what is called Galois theory of ring spectra represents many of them as homotopy fixed points under actions of finite groups on better understood ones. And that actually algebraic K-theory of any ring spectrum is itself a homotopy inverse limit of some kind.
Hopefully simpler instances that I would like to read about somewhere:
Are there interesting explicit diagrams of Eilenberg-MacLane ring spectra whose homotopy inverse limits produce something interesting, like the same complex K-theory? Here I am aware of the construction of Snaith producing BU from a chain of K(Z,2)-s but this seems to be direct rather than inverse limit, and I think it does not say anything about the ring structure. Or does it?
In general, can one move up the chromatic levels by forming homotopy limits? Can what is called Lubin-Tate theory in this context be formulated in these terms? Can complex cobordism be obtained as homotopy limit of some "smaller" ring spectra? And what about the sphere spectrum?