The order in which things are done should not be (and likely is not) specific to the country. Journals have recommendations as to how to prepare articles and what guidelines to follow, and societies such as the American Mathematical Society also have general guidelines which (I imagine) are applicable world wide to mathematicians. More importantly, your employer or grant provider may have rules as to how work done with their support is to be presented. Further discussion of these points is probably better suited in an academic forum.
Very generally, you should have a mentor or advisor or colleague who has gone through the process and can address your specific concerns in person. If you don't have one now, get one. One way to do this is to write to people who may be interested in your paper. Ideally some of them have produced results you used in the paper, and may like to see your application of them. Ask them for advice and for the name of someone else who might be interested in your paper. Be respectful of their time and energy, mainly by being brief and patient and polite.
Assuming you have found some interest in your result, ask for the kind of comments you want. If you want brutal frankness, ask for it. If you can only handle constructive criticism, ask for that. If all you want are compliments and praise, you can request that, but I doubt you will solicit any. Most important however, is to get and address any technical concerns that arise, from correcting mistakes in basic theory and application to using the right terminology for the field.
It may be desirable in other countries to have a public defense of the paper similar to a Ph.D. defense before publishing. My limited experience suggests that it is better in this country for someone to at least skim your paper, decide that you aren't a crank, and make suggestions on how to proceed. Most will say (as has been commented) that posting on ArXiv is necessary; I would recommend first finding someone who is willing to skim your paper and someone to sponsor your ArXiv post (ideally the same someone) before considering journal or ArXiv publication.
Gerhard "Tenure Without Publication? Most Curious!" Paseman, 2016.11.21.