Characterizing $\mathbb{Q}[X]$ via a property of its tensor powers

Question

Let $\varphi: \mathbb{Q}[X] \longrightarrow R$ an inclusion of commutative rings. Suppose that the map $$- \circ \varphi: \operatorname{Hom}_{\mathbb{Q}\operatorname{-alg}}(R, R^{\otimes_{\mathbb{Q}} n}) \longrightarrow \operatorname{Hom}_{\mathbb{Q}\operatorname{-alg}}(\mathbb{Q}[X], R^{\otimes_{\mathbb{Q}} n}) \cong R^{\otimes_{\mathbb{Q}} n}$$ is a bijection for all nonnegative integers $n$ (where $R^{\otimes_{\mathbb{Q}} 0} = \mathbb{Q}$). Must the map $\varphi$ be an isomorphism? If so, then, replacing $\mathbb{Q}$ with an arbitrary field $k$ of characteristic zero, is the corresponding statement true?

The question is motivated by questions about plethories, specifically, Classification of plethories over $\mathbb{Q}$

In the original version of the question I did not include the assumption that $\operatorname{char} k = 0$. If you leave out that assumption then $\varphi$ need not be an isomorphism. A nice counterexample is provided below by Julian Rosen.

Answer 1

Let $p$ be a prime. Take $k=\mathbb{F}_p$, $$ R=k[X,X^{1/p},X^{1/p^2},\ldots]. $$ For any $k$-algebra $A$, there is a natural bijection $$ \mathrm{Hom}_{k\text{-alg}}(R,A)\cong\big\{(a_0,a_1,\ldots):a_n\in A, a_0=a_1^p, a_1=a_2^p,\ldots\big\}, $$ where $\varphi:R\to A$ corresponds to $(\varphi(X),\varphi(X^{1/p}),\ldots)$. If every element of $A$ has a unique $p$-th root, then the natural map $$ \mathrm{Hom}_{k\text{-alg}}(R,A)\to \mathrm{Hom}_{k\text{-alg}}(k[X],A) $$ is a bijection. Every element of $R^{\otimes_k n}$ has a unique $p$-th root, so this gives a counterexample to the first question.

Answer 2

To answer my own question...I just proved (finally) that it's true assuming a positive answer to the question Classification of plethories over $\mathbb{Q}$, that is, assuming that every $\mathbb{Q}$-plethory is linear. Basically, the proof goes by showing that the given condition implies that $R$ has a $\mathbb{Q}$-plethory structure such that the comonad structure $W_R \longrightarrow W_R W_R$ is an isomorphism, and then its purported linearity implies that $R$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{Q}[X]$ as a $\mathbb{Q}$-plethory.