The uniform matroid itself is a Schubert matroid, so the trivial subdivision where we don't subdivide at all meets this criterion.
There is no way we can use all the Schubert matroids. Let $M$ be the Schubert matroid whose bases are all $k$-element subsets of $\{ 1,2, \ldots, n \}$ except for $\{ 1,2,3,\ldots, k \}$. If we remove the polytope of $M$ from $\Delta(k,n)$, what remains is a matroid polytope which has no nontrivial matroid subdivision. Namely, it corresponds to the matroid (call it $N$) where the elements $\{ k+1, k+2, \ldots, n \}$ are all parallel to each other, and the total rank is $k$. So, if we use $M$ in our matroidal subdivision, then all that is left over is $N$.
I'm not sure how to define "canonical" in this setting, but none of the common matroid subdivisions use only Schubert matroids. What is the source of this claim?
Based on your comments below, I am pretty sure I know what you are looking for. I think you want a certain subdivision of $\Delta(k,n)$ with $\binom{n-2}{k-1}$ facets. I illustrate with an example for $(k,n) = (4,9)$: One of the $\binom{7}{3}$ facets of the subdivision will be the matroid represented by the columns of any matrix of the form
$$\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ast & \ast & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ast & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & \ast & \ast & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & \ast & \ast & \ast \\
\end{pmatrix}.$$
To describe all the $\binom{7}{3}$ facets, let the path of $\ast$'s range over all possible paths from the upper left to the lower right of the $4 \times 5$ rectangle.
Let $G$ be a subset of $\{ 1, \ldots, k \} \times \{ k+1, \ldots, n \}$. Let $(e_1, e_2, \ldots, e_k)$ be the vertices of the simplex $\Delta^{k-1}$ and let $(f_{k+1}, \ldots, f_n)$ be the vertices of $\Delta^{n-k-1}$. Set
$$P(G) = \mathrm{Hull} \{ (e_i, f_j) : (i,j) \in G \} \subseteq \Delta^{k-1} \times \Delta^{n-k-1}.$$
Every polyhedral subdivision of $\Delta^{k-1} \times \Delta^{n-k-1}$ is a division into pieces of the kind $P(G)$. You get simplices if and only if $G$, considered as a bipartite graph on $\{ 1, \ldots, k \} \cup \{ k+1, \ldots, n \}$, is a tree. The "staircase subdivision" of $\Delta^{k-1} \times \Delta^{n-k-1}$ corresponds to the set of $\binom{n-2}{k-1}$ paths through a $k \times (n-k)$ grid. So the above example is $G = \{ (1,5), (1,6), (2,6), (3,6), (3,7), (4,7), (4,8), (4,9) \}$.
Now, given $G$, we can also define a matroid $M(G)$ by building a $(0, 1, \ast)$ matrix as above. (This construction is called the "principal transversal matroid".) If we have a collection $G_i$ so that $(P(G_i))$ form a polyhedral subdivision of $\Delta^{k-1} \times \Delta^{n-k-1}$, then the matroid polytopes of the $M(G_i)$ are a subdivision of $\Delta(k,n)$. We discuss this construction in Section 2 of Dressians, tropical Grassmannians and their rays, although not as clearly as I wish we had.
I can say a ton more about this, but I don't want to go on forever. Let me just point out where the staircase confusion presumably came from: Schubert matroids look like
$$\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ast & \ast & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & \ast & \ast & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & \ast & \ast & \ast & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & \ast & \ast & \ast & \ast & \ast \\
\end{pmatrix}.$$
So they also are described by paths through a rectangle, but not in the same way. (And there are $\binom{n}{k}$ of them, not $\binom{n-2}{k-1}$.)
