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user76758
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Why do we use analytic coordinates to characterize singularity?
@user125763: trivial residue field extension at the marked points (so ensures induced map on completions from the etale morphism is an isomorphism).
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Why do we use analytic coordinates to characterize singularity?
The same issue comes up when describing families of semistable curves (say with smooth generic fiber): one can always get by using the etale topology (appropriately formulated) without recourse to analytic methods, ultimately due to the Artin approximation theorem.
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Why do we use analytic coordinates to characterize singularity?
@user125763: It also follows from Artin approximation (the earlier paper of Artin...) that if $(X,x)$ and $(X',x')$ are pointed schemes of finite type over a field or excellent Dedekind domain $R$ and $f:\mathscr{O}_{X,x}^{\wedge} \simeq \mathscr{O}_{X',x'}^{\wedge}$ is an $R$-isomorphism then there is a common residually trivial pointed etale neighborhood $(X'',x'')$ of $(X,x)$ and $(X',x')$ which induces an isomorphism between those completed local rings that agrees with $f$ modulo whatever power of the maximal ideals you like. Same for arbitrary excellent schemes via Popescu's approx. thm.
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Finite Quotients and Resolutions of Singularities
Why do you believe that $X \times_Y \widetilde{Y} \rightarrow \widetilde{Y}$ is the quotient by the natural $G$-action on the source (say assuming $X$ and $Y$ are quasi-projective varieties over an algebraically closed field)? This entails some delicate algebraic conditions, not just topological ones, and the formation of such quotients generally does not commute with non-flat base change (beyond the case of a free $G$-action).
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torsors on quasi-split groups
In your comment above I think you meant to write "split" rather than "quasi-split", so it remains unclear what you mean by "quasi-split" (do you follow SGA3 or have another definition in mind)? Maybe some context and motivation would help.
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torsors on quasi-split groups
Sorry, I meant to say at the end above that the set of isom. classes of such torsors on $X$ which also split over $X'$ is given by the indicated "double coset" construction.
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