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Ad question 1): Yes, all open star-shaped subsets of $\mathbb{R}^n$ are diffeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^n$. This is surprisingly little-known and there is a proof due to Stefan Born. You can find t …

I nominate Ehresmann's theorem according to which a proper submersion between manifolds is automatically a locally trivial bundle. It is incredibly useful, in deformation theory for example, but is sa …

If $X$ is a $ C^\infty$ differential manifold of dimension $n$, then there exists an embedding $f:X\to \mathbb R^{2n+1}$. This is a not too difficult theorem due to Whitney, proved in many textbooks. …

Dear David: yes! In one direction this is just the functoriality of tangent maps. Let $f:X\to Y$ be the morphism, $x$ a point in $X$ with image $y\in Y$ and $g:V\to X$ a local section. From $f \circ …

Serre has shown with the help of two embeddings phi and psi of a quadratic number field into C that there exist two projective surfaces V(phi)and V(psi) over C which have non isomorphic fundamental gr …