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Donu Arapura
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The polarization $Q$ gives rise to a positive definite form $Q'$. Automorphisms preserve $Q'$, so they lies in a compact group. On the other hand, automorphisms preserve the lattice, so they lie in a discrete subgroup of a compact group. This gives finiteness. In the case of a Riemann surface, the polarization comes from the cup product, so it's canonical. Putting together with with your remarks gives finiteness for the automorphism group for a compact hyperbolic curve. As far as I can tell, this argument doesn't the Hurwitz bound of $84(g-1)$, but it works in other situations.

Donu Arapura
  • 35.2k
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  • 94
  • 160