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Informal description: You are given a set of $n$ blood samples, each having probability $p$ of being infected with a disease. Your goal is to determine the set $P$ of infected samples with as few ...

Given a function $f$ from a finite set $X$ to itself, it seems natural to consider $\kappa_f := (\sum_{x \in X} |f^{-1}(x)|^2)/|X|$ as a measure of the non-invertibility of $f$: it equals 1 if $f$ is ...