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Let $A$ be an associative algebra, $M$ a right $A$-module. Suppose we are given an $A$-module homomorphism $M \to A$. Then we can make $M$ itself into an associative algebra via the multiplication $$ ...

Let $A$ be a local ring of maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$. Let $\hat{A}$ be its completion. If $A$ is noetherian , then we know that $A\rightarrow\hat{A}$ is faithfully flat. If $A$ is not noetherian, ...