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I have run into the following question in convex analysis, which I haven't found answered in the literature:

Suppose that $K$ is a "nice-enough" non-compact convex subset of a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space and $S \subset K$ is a compact set consisting of extreme points of $K$. Is $S$ contained in a compact face of $K$?

I am interested in the particular case in which $K$ is the state space of a non-unital $C^*$-algebra (equipped with the weak-$*$ topology), so nice-enough can be taken to mean that. Otherwise, if there are some more general conditions under which the answer is known (preferably in the affirmative), I would be interested in knowing.

If anyone has any ideas or could suggest some references, I would greatly appreciate it. Thanks in advance!

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    $\begingroup$ This is true for commutative $C^*$-algebras, in which case a compact set of extreme points corresponds to a compact subset of the spectrum, so it is contained in a compact face of the state space, namely all Radon probability measures supported on the said compact subset of the spectrum. $\endgroup$
    – David Gao
    Commented Oct 5, 2023 at 5:49
  • $\begingroup$ Hi David, this is actually essentially the fact that I would hope to extend to non-commutative geometry under the same intuition. $\endgroup$
    – Sean
    Commented Oct 6, 2023 at 3:13

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It's a very plausible conjecture, but I think it's false. Consider the C${}^\ast$-algebra $K(l^2)$ of compact operators on $l^2$. For any unit vector $v \in l^2$, the map $A \mapsto \langle Av,v\rangle$ is a pure state. An arbitrary state has the form $A\mapsto {\rm Tr}(AB)$ for some positive trace-class operator $B$ with unit trace. For any vector $v$ let ``$v\otimes v$'' denote the trace-class operator $w \mapsto \langle w,v\rangle v$, so that ${\rm Tr}(A\cdot v\otimes v) = \langle Av,v\rangle$.

Fix $n$ and consider the trace-class operators $B$ with $\langle Be_j,e_k\rangle = 0$ for all $j$ and $k$ with either $j > n$ or $k > n$. This set can be identified with the space of $n\times n$ complex matrices, which has complex dimension $n^2$. If $v$ is any of the $n^2$ unit vectors $e_j$ for $1 \leq j \leq n$, $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(e_j + e_k)$ for $1 \leq j < k \leq n$, $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(e_k + ie_j)$ for $1 \leq j < k \leq n$ then $v\otimes v$ is a positive, unit trace, trace-class operator, and these $n^2$ operators span the set of all $n\times n$ matrices.

Let $v_1$, $\ldots$, $v_{n^2}$ be those $n^2$ unit vectors, making sure to set $v_1 = e_1$. Then for $1 \leq j \leq n^2$ let $w_j = \alpha(v_1 + \frac{1}{n}v_j)$, where $\alpha$ is chosen so that $w_j$ will have unit norm. This gives us $n^2$ unit vectors, all very close to $e_1$, whose corresponding trace-class operators still span the full $n\times n$ matrix algebra.

Do the above for all $n$ and then let $C$ be the set of all the $w$ vectors ($n^2$ of them for each value of $n$). Then $C' =$ the set of corresponding pure states is compact with the single cluster point $e_1\otimes e_1$. But the linear span of $C'$ contains the full $n\times n$ matrix algebra for all $n$, so in particular it contains the trace-class operators $e_n\otimes e_n$ for all $n$, an infinite discrete sequence which converges weak${}^\ast$ to $0$. So any face of the state space that contains $C'$ will contain $e_n \otimes e_n$ for all $n$, but not $0$, so it can't be compact.

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  • $\begingroup$ The linear span of $C’$ certainly contains $e_n \otimes e_n$. I’m not convinced that the convex span of $C’$ does the same though. Is there a result implying that? $\endgroup$
    – David Gao
    Commented Oct 5, 2023 at 5:46
  • $\begingroup$ @DavidGao Why would that matter? If $e_n\otimes e_n$ belongs to the linear span of $C'$ then it belongs to any face (even any exposed face) that contains $C'$. $\endgroup$
    – Nik Weaver
    Commented Oct 5, 2023 at 11:32
  • $\begingroup$ Ah, you're right. Sorry, I was thinking about more general convex sets, where just showing it's in the linear span doesn't imply it belongs to a given face, but for the state space it should work. $\endgroup$
    – David Gao
    Commented Oct 5, 2023 at 22:28
  • $\begingroup$ Thanks for the very clear counterexample, Nik! I suppose I'll have to work much harder to get the result I'm aiming for then. $\endgroup$
    – Sean
    Commented Oct 6, 2023 at 3:03
  • $\begingroup$ Sorry! It was a good question. $\endgroup$
    – Nik Weaver
    Commented Oct 6, 2023 at 18:07

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