# Is there any Lie groupoid structure on $Hom(\mathcal{G}, \mathcal{H})$ where $\mathcal{G}$ and $\mathcal{H}$ are Lie groupoids?

We know that in general, there is no smooth manifold structure on $$Hom(X,\, Y)$$ where $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are smooth manifolds, but under certain nice conditions (see https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/manifold+structure+of+mapping+spaces) we can give a smooth structure on $$Hom(X, \, Y)$$.

Let $$\mathcal{G}$$ and $$\mathcal{H}$$ be two Lie groupoids. Now let us consider the category $$Hom(\mathcal{G}, \, \mathcal{H})$$ whose objects are homomorphisms of Lie groupoids and the morphisms are smooth natural isomorphisms.

Question 1. Under what conditions on $$\mathcal{G}$$ and $$\mathcal{H}$$, we have a (canonical) Lie groupoid structure on $$Hom(\mathcal{G}, \, \mathcal{H})$$?

Question 2. Is $$Hom(\mathcal{G}, \, \mathcal{H})$$ always a diffelogical groupoid in general?

It would be also great if someone can suggest some literature in this direction.

• Is there a canonical group structure on $\hom(G,H)$ where $G$ and $H$ are groups? I don't think so unless you have some commutativity condition, for example. Does this work for Lie groupoids? Perhaps I'm being too naive. – Najib Idrissi Feb 22 at 12:36
• @NajibIdrissi, if you want your constructions to be natural enough, you are not naive at all. A "natural" group structure on $\mathsf{GLie}(G,H)$ for all $H$ is the same of a group structure on $\mathsf{GLie}(G,-)$ which corresponds to a group structure on $G$ by Yoneda lemma. Group objects in a categories of groups correspond to abelian groups by Eckmann Hilton. – Ivan Di Liberti Feb 22 at 14:30
• @NajibIdrissi: Groups embed into groupoids via the delooping functor B, and Hom(BG,BH) can indeed be turned into a groupoid: its objects are functors BG→BH (i.e., homomorphisms G→H) and morphisms are natural transformations (i.e., conjugations). – Dmitri Pavlov Feb 22 at 16:12

As Dmitri points out, given a cartesian closed category $$S$$, the groupoid of functors and natural transformations between fixed internal groupoids $$X$$ and $$Y$$ is again an internal groupoid: this result goes back to Charles Ehresmann, but it is not difficult to write down this construction directly.

However, since you mentioned the infinite dimensional manifolds of smooth maps between manifolds, then I'd like to push back against Dmitri's claim of 'almost never', since you clearly aren't just thinking of manifolds as being finite dimensional.

In

• DMR, Raymond Vozzo, Smooth loop stacks of differentiable stacks and gerbes, Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques, Vol LIX no 2 (2018) pp 95-141 journal version, arXiv:1602.07973

we show that given a finite open cover $$\{U_i\}$$ of $$I$$, or of $$S^1$$ with the property that triple intersections are empty, the hom-groupoid $$\mathbf{LieGpd}(\check{C}(U),X)$$ is a Fréchet Lie groupoid for any finite-dimensional Lie groupoid $$X$$. Here $$\check{C}(U)$$ is the Lie groupoid with objects $$\bigsqcup_i U_i$$ and morphisms $$\bigsqcup_{i,j} U_i\cap U_j$$. A priori this is just a diffeological groupoid but we show the spaces of objects and morphisms are Fréchet manifolds and the source and target maps are submersions (in the strong sense that there are submersion charts, not that tangent spaces map surjectively).

In the short announcement paper

we make the more general claim that given a compact manifold $$M$$, and a finite open cover satisfying a certain minimality condition (and a topological condition on finite intersections of their closures), the analogous hom-groupoid is also a Fréchet Lie groupoid. The longer paper containing the more delicate proofs for this case is still in preparation, but halted due to other commitments by its authors.

I suspect that these results might be able to be pushed a tiny bit further, say to the case where $$\check{C}(U)$$ is replaced by the analogous thing that arises from a finite open cover of a compact orbifold, but that is just intuition, we aren't pursuing that line of inquiry.

Added I should have said, given a compact manifold $$M$$, the groupoid $$\mathbf{LieGpd}(M,X)$$ is Fréchet–Lie as well. If one is wiling to have more general smooth manifolds, then taking $$M$$ to be non-compact this is a Lie groupoid modelled on merely locally convex spaces. The topology has to be chosen carefully, it's the sort of thing my co-author Alexander Schmeding works on.

• Thank you Sir for the answer and the references. – Adittya Chaudhuri Feb 23 at 5:22
• I did not know the MO policy that we cannot accept 2 answers at the same time. I just tried it but it seems that I can accept only one. I just want to comment that both the answers are equally helpful to me. Thanks again. – Adittya Chaudhuri Feb 23 at 5:33
• You can unaccept answers, if you have changed your mind... ;-) – David Roberts Feb 23 at 6:13

If C is a cartesian closed category with finite limits, then so is the category of internal groupoids in C.

Indeed, the internal hom can be constructed by replicating the usual definitions of a functor and natural transformation in the internal setting.

For instance, a functor G→H is specified by maps G_0→H_0 and G_1→H_1 that respect source and target maps, as well as composition and identities. This can be encoded as a finite limit of a diagram with objects Hom(G_0,H_0), Hom(G_1,H_1), as well as objects responsible for encoding various compatibility conditions.

Likewise, the object of natural transformations can be encoded as a finite limit of a diagram with Hom(G_0,H_1) and a few other objects.

(1) Under what conditions on G and H, we have a (canonical) Lie groupoid structure on Hom(G,H)?

Almost never, since the relevant mapping spaces are almost always infinite dimensional. (One exception is when G is a finite discrete groupoid.)

(2) Is Hom(G,H) always a diffelogical groupoid in general?

Yes, we constructed it as such above.

I do have to mention that treating Lie groupoids in the manner described above offers diminishing returns. In the modern formalism of simplicial presheaves, it is much easier to express the internal hom: if F and G are simplicial presheaves on a site S, then Hom(F,G)(A)_n = hom(F⨯Y(A)⨯Δ^n,G), where Hom(F,G) is the internal hom from F to G, Hom(F,G)(A) denotes its value on A as a presheaf, Hom(F,G)(A)_n denotes the set of n-simplices of the resulting simplicial set, hom(-,-) denotes the set of morphisms between two simplicial presheaves, and Y(A) denotes the Yoneda embedding applied to A.

• Thank you Sir for the answer. – Adittya Chaudhuri Feb 22 at 19:18