A Weyl group is a crystallographic finite reflection group, i.e. it is a finite group generated by reflections in Euclidean space that preserves a lattice in the Euclidean space. So it suffices to prove that there are only finitely many crystallographic finite reflection groups of a given rank $r$. These are classified by Dynkin diagrams, for which there is a standard argument enumerating them, which shows that there are only finitely many with $r$ nodes. (In the classification scheme, the rank of the group is given by the number of nodes in the Dynkin diagram.)
This is very well known within the fields of Coxeter groups and Lie theory. The best reference for people outside these fields where this can be found is, in my opinion, Humphreys's book Finite Reflection Groups. The result you are looking for is stated and proved in Chapter 2 of this text. The result is also in Bourbaki's Lie Groups and Lie Algebras, Chapters IV - VI.