It's not entirely clear to me what you're asking, but I'll have a go at answering it anyway.
An internal category in a category with pullbacks consists of objects $A_0$ and $A_1$, maps $s,t\colon A_1\to A_0$, $i\colon A_0\to A_1$, and $c\colon A_1\times_{A_0}A_1\to A_1$ satisfying the usual axioms. An equivalent way to describe this is that for each object $X$ you have a category whose objects are $Hom(X,A_0)$ and whose morphisms are $Hom(X,A_1)$, which varies with $X$ in a natural way. Of course the latter makes sense even if the category has no pullbacks. This is all just like the case of groups, and it requires only an ambient category, not even a 2-category.
Now if I have a strict 2-category $C$ which has strict finite 2-limits, in particular its underlying 1-category $C^1$ has pullbacks. Moreover, any object $A$ gives rise to a canonical internal category in $C^1$ with $A_0 = A$ and $A_1 = A^{\mathbf{2}}$, the cotensor with the "walking arrow" $\mathbf{2} = (\cdot \to \cdot)$. This construction defines a strict 2-functor from $C$ to the 2-category $Cat(C^1)$ of internal categories, functors, and natural transformations in the 1-category $C^1$. Moreover, I believe that this 2-functor is strictly 2-fully-faithful, i.e. an isomorphism on hom-categories. For this reason, Street has called a strict 2-category with strict 2-pullbacks and strict cotensors with $\mathbf{2}$ (which is all you really need for this argument) a "representable 2-category": all the 2-dimensional structure of its objects can be "represented" as internal categories in some 1-category. Cf. for instance "Fibrations and Yoneda's lemma in a 2-category."
If $C$ is a non-strict 2-category, then it doesn't have an underlying 1-category, so it's not as clear how to write this down. But I think that morally, it should still be true, if one takes the care to phrase it correctly. The question of $n$-categories for $n>2$ is quite a different matter, though; I don't know if anyone's thought about it.
