Isbell Duality
$\newcommand{\IsbellSpec}{\mathsf{Spec}}\newcommand{\IsbellO}{\mathsf{O}}\newcommand{\Sets}{\mathsf{Sets}}\newcommand{\rmL}{\mathrm{L}}\newcommand{\rmR}{\mathrm{R}}\newcommand{\B}{\mathrm{B}}\newcommand{\Nat}{\mathrm{Nat}}$The Yoneda lemma states that, given a presheaf $\mathcal{F}$ on a category $\mathcal{C}$ and a copresheaf $F$ on $\mathcal{C}$, we have \begin{align*} \mathcal{F}(A) &\cong \Nat(h_{A},\mathcal{F}),\\ F(A) &\cong \Nat(h^{A},F), \end{align*} naturally in $A\in\mathrm{Obj}(\mathcal{C})$.
Isbell duality then arises by considering instead the assignments $A\mapsto\Nat(\mathcal{F},h_{A})$ and $A\mapsto\Nat(F,h^{A})$, which define functors
leading to the Isbell conjugacy adjunction
$$(\IsbellO\dashv\IsbellSpec)\colon\mkern9mu\mathsf{PSh}(\mathcal{C})\rightleftarrows\mathsf{CoPSh}(\mathcal{C})^\mathsf{op}.$$
This adjunction comes with a unit and counit having components of the form \begin{align*} \eta_{\mathcal{F}}&\colon\mathcal{F}\to[\IsbellSpec\circ\IsbellO](\mathcal{F}),\\ \epsilon_{F}&\colon[\IsbellO\circ\IsbellSpec](F)\to F, \end{align*} and a presheaf $\mathcal{F}$ is called Isbell self-dual if $\eta_\mathcal{F}$ is an isomorphism, with a corresponding definition for copresheaves $F$.
The case of monoids and groups
Given any monoid or group $A$, we have a category $\B{A}$, called the delooping of $A$, consisting of a single object $\bullet$ with $\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\bullet,\bullet)=A$, the unit and composition maps coming from the monoid maps of $A$.
Taking $\mathcal{C}=\B{A}$ in the context of Isbell duality discussed above, we obtain an adjunction between left and right $A$-sets: $$(\mathsf{O}\dashv\mathsf{Spec})\colon\mkern9mu\Sets^\rmL_A\rightleftarrows\Sets^{\rmR,\mathsf{op}}_A,$$ where:
- The functor $\mathsf{O}$ sends a left $A$-set $(X,\lambda)$ to the set $\Sets^{\rmL}_{A}(X,A)$ of maps of left $A$-sets from $(X,\lambda)$ to the left regular representation $(A,\cdot_A)$ of $A$.
- Similarly, the functor $\mathsf{Spec}$ sends a right $A$-set $(X,\rho)$ to $\Sets^{\rmR}_{A}(X,A)$.
- The unit of this adjunction has components of the form $$\eta_X\colon X\to\Sets^{\rmR}_{A}(\Sets^{\rmL}_{A}(X,A),A)$$ and is given by evaluation, i.e. by $x\mapsto[f\mapsto f(x)]$.
- Similarly, the counit has components $$\epsilon_X\colon X\to\Sets^{\rmL}_{A}(\Sets^{\rmR}_{A}(X,A),A)$$ also given by evaluation, i.e. by $x\mapsto[f\mapsto f(x)]$.
Question
In general, what is known about Isbell duality in this setting? For instance:
Can we deduce any interesting properties of $A$ based on properties of $\IsbellO$, $\IsbellSpec$, the unit and counit of the Isbell adjunction, etc.?
In particular, what would be some references on semigroups or group theory developing some of the theory of "dual $A$-sets" $\mathrm{Sets}^{\mathrm{L}}_A(X,A)$ and $\mathrm{Sets}^{\mathrm{R}}_A(X,A)$, similarly to dual modules?
What is known about Isbell self-dual objects in this setting, i.e. those $A$-sets $X$ for which the map $$\mathrm{ev}_{(-)}\colon X\to\Sets^{\rmR}_{A}(\Sets^{\rmL}_{A}(X,A),A)$$ is an isomorphism? What about those $A$-sets for which this map is injective (cf. torsionless modules) or surjective?
For instance, when $A$ is a group, there is a complete characterisation of the Isbell self-dual $A$-sets, given by Avery–Leinster in Example 6.5 of Isbell conjugacy and the reflexive completion.
The algebras for the Isbell duality adjunction consist of $A$-sets $X$ with a map $$\phi\colon\Sets^{\rmR}_{A}(\Sets^{\rmL}_{A}(X,A),A)\to X$$ satisfying $\phi(\mathrm{ev}_x)=x$ for each $x\in X$ and a more complicated condition relating applying $\phi$ twice with evaluation.
Is there a nice description of them?