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Denis Serre
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Let $k$ be a field of characteristic $0$. If $m\ge2$, I denote $P_m$ the standard polynomial in $m$ non-commutating indeterminates: $$P_m(X_1,\dotsc,X_m)=\sum_{\sigma\in\mathfrak S_m}\epsilon(\sigma)X_{\sigma(1)}\dotsm X_{\sigma(m)}.$$ We say that a $k$-algebra $A$ is $m$-commutative if $P_m$ is an identity over $A$, that is $$\forall a_1,\dotsc,a_m\in A,\qquad P_m(a_1,\dotsc,a_m)=0,$$ and $P_{m-1}$ is not. Remark that $2$-commutativity is just commutativity.

Amitsur–Levitzki's Theorem is that $M_n(k)$ is $(2n)$-commutative.

My question is whether there exist (interesting) algebras that are $m$-commutative for an odd $m$. For instance, what would be an example of a $3$-commutative algebra ?

Edit. As mentioned by user49822, $A$ may not be unital, otherwise $(2k+1)$-commutativity implies $(2k)$-commutativity by specifying $a_m=1$. Thus there remains the question of whether a non-unital algebra can be $3$-commutative.

Salvatore's answer gives an explicit, practical example of a $3$-commutative algebra. However it is a bit too narrow to my taste, because its ideal of polynomial identities contains (presumably : is generated by) the monomial $X_1X_2X_3$. This leads me to strengthen my question:

What is an algebra $A$ whose ideal of polynomial identities is $(P_3)$ ?

Let $k$ be a field of characteristic $0$. If $m\ge2$, I denote $P_m$ the standard polynomial in $m$ non-commutating indeterminates: $$P_m(X_1,\dotsc,X_m)=\sum_{\sigma\in\mathfrak S_m}\epsilon(\sigma)X_{\sigma(1)}\dotsm X_{\sigma(m)}.$$ We say that a $k$-algebra $A$ is $m$-commutative if $P_m$ is an identity over $A$, that is $$\forall a_1,\dotsc,a_m\in A,\qquad P_m(a_1,\dotsc,a_m)=0,$$ and $P_{m-1}$ is not. Remark that $2$-commutativity is just commutativity.

Amitsur–Levitzki's Theorem is that $M_n(k)$ is $(2n)$-commutative.

My question is whether there exist (interesting) algebras that are $m$-commutative for an odd $m$. For instance, what would be an example of a $3$-commutative algebra ?

Edit. As mentioned by user49822, $A$ may not be unital, otherwise $(2k+1)$-commutativity implies $(2k)$-commutativity by specifying $a_m=1$. Thus there remains the question of whether a non-unital algebra can be $3$-commutative.

Let $k$ be a field of characteristic $0$. If $m\ge2$, I denote $P_m$ the standard polynomial in $m$ non-commutating indeterminates: $$P_m(X_1,\dotsc,X_m)=\sum_{\sigma\in\mathfrak S_m}\epsilon(\sigma)X_{\sigma(1)}\dotsm X_{\sigma(m)}.$$ We say that a $k$-algebra $A$ is $m$-commutative if $P_m$ is an identity over $A$, that is $$\forall a_1,\dotsc,a_m\in A,\qquad P_m(a_1,\dotsc,a_m)=0,$$ and $P_{m-1}$ is not. Remark that $2$-commutativity is just commutativity.

Amitsur–Levitzki's Theorem is that $M_n(k)$ is $(2n)$-commutative.

My question is whether there exist (interesting) algebras that are $m$-commutative for an odd $m$. For instance, what would be an example of a $3$-commutative algebra ?

Edit. As mentioned by user49822, $A$ may not be unital, otherwise $(2k+1)$-commutativity implies $(2k)$-commutativity by specifying $a_m=1$. Thus there remains the question of whether a non-unital algebra can be $3$-commutative.

Salvatore's answer gives an explicit, practical example of a $3$-commutative algebra. However it is a bit too narrow to my taste, because its ideal of polynomial identities contains (presumably : is generated by) the monomial $X_1X_2X_3$. This leads me to strengthen my question:

What is an algebra $A$ whose ideal of polynomial identities is $(P_3)$ ?

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Let $k$ be a field of characteristic $0$. If $m\ge2$, I denote $P_m$ the standard polynomial in $m$ non-commutativecommutating indeterminates: $$P_m(X_1,\ldots,X_m)=\sum_{\sigma\in{\frak S}_m}\epsilon(\sigma)X_{\sigma(1)}\cdots X_{\sigma(m)}.$$$$P_m(X_1,\dotsc,X_m)=\sum_{\sigma\in\mathfrak S_m}\epsilon(\sigma)X_{\sigma(1)}\dotsm X_{\sigma(m)}.$$ We say that a $k$-algebra $A$ is $m$-commutative if $P_m$ is an identity over $A$, that is $$\forall a_1,\ldots,a_m\in A,\qquad P_m(a_1,\ldots,a_m)=0,$$$$\forall a_1,\dotsc,a_m\in A,\qquad P_m(a_1,\dotsc,a_m)=0,$$ and $P_{m-1}$ is not. Remark that $2$-commutativity is just commutativity.

Amitsur-Levitzki'sAmitsur–Levitzki's Theorem is that $M_n(k)$ is $(2n)$-commutative.

My question is whether there exist (interesting) algebras that are $m$-commutative for an odd $m$. For instance, what would be an example of a $3$-commutative algebra ?

Edit. As mentionnedmentioned by user49822, $A$ may not be unital, overwiseotherwise $(2k+1)$-commutativity implies $(2k)$-commutativity by specifying $a_m=1$. Thus there remains the question of whether a non-unital algebra can be $3$-commutative.

Let $k$ be a field of characteristic $0$. If $m\ge2$, I denote $P_m$ the standard polynomial in $m$ non-commutative indeterminates: $$P_m(X_1,\ldots,X_m)=\sum_{\sigma\in{\frak S}_m}\epsilon(\sigma)X_{\sigma(1)}\cdots X_{\sigma(m)}.$$ We say that a $k$-algebra $A$ is $m$-commutative if $P_m$ is an identity over $A$, that is $$\forall a_1,\ldots,a_m\in A,\qquad P_m(a_1,\ldots,a_m)=0,$$ and $P_{m-1}$ is not. Remark that $2$-commutativity is just commutativity.

Amitsur-Levitzki's Theorem is that $M_n(k)$ is $(2n)$-commutative.

My question is whether there exist (interesting) algebras that are $m$-commutative for an odd $m$. For instance, what would be an example of a $3$-commutative algebra ?

Edit. As mentionned by user49822, $A$ may not be unital, overwise $(2k+1)$-commutativity implies $(2k)$-commutativity by specifying $a_m=1$. Thus there remains the question of whether a non-unital algebra can be $3$-commutative.

Let $k$ be a field of characteristic $0$. If $m\ge2$, I denote $P_m$ the standard polynomial in $m$ non-commutating indeterminates: $$P_m(X_1,\dotsc,X_m)=\sum_{\sigma\in\mathfrak S_m}\epsilon(\sigma)X_{\sigma(1)}\dotsm X_{\sigma(m)}.$$ We say that a $k$-algebra $A$ is $m$-commutative if $P_m$ is an identity over $A$, that is $$\forall a_1,\dotsc,a_m\in A,\qquad P_m(a_1,\dotsc,a_m)=0,$$ and $P_{m-1}$ is not. Remark that $2$-commutativity is just commutativity.

Amitsur–Levitzki's Theorem is that $M_n(k)$ is $(2n)$-commutative.

My question is whether there exist (interesting) algebras that are $m$-commutative for an odd $m$. For instance, what would be an example of a $3$-commutative algebra ?

Edit. As mentioned by user49822, $A$ may not be unital, otherwise $(2k+1)$-commutativity implies $(2k)$-commutativity by specifying $a_m=1$. Thus there remains the question of whether a non-unital algebra can be $3$-commutative.

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Denis Serre
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Denis Serre
  • 52.3k
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  • 146
  • 300
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