I am interested in whether experiments on computers can help identifying new ideas or concepts in Mathematics. I am not talking about confirming particular conjectures up to certain numbers (for example on the Riemann hypothesis or Collatz conjecture).
I wonder whether there are examples, where results found by computers have been used and understood by mathematicians, who then used this new insight to make real progress in their field?
One example that I recently found is Casey Mann's results on the Heesch Problem called Heesch Numbers of Edge-Marked Polyforms. There, from some exhaustive computational calculation, he has a chapter talking about Interesting examples and observations. While I cannot evaluate the significance of these observations, it goes along the lines what I am searching for:
Do you have examples and literature references with results (new concepts, ideas, insights), that have been inspired by computational search or experimentations?
Background: I am working in quantum physics, and ask similar questions there. I try to use computers to inspire new ideas, for instance this or that. I would love to understand how this question is tackled in other fields, in particular in mathematics. I am hoping to expand my toolbox in physics by some methodologies successfully used in mathematics.