Consider a system of N linear 2nd-order OEDs, describing a system of coupled one-dimensional harmonic oscillators, with couplings given by matrix A and positions X = (x_1, x_2, ..., x_N)$X = (x_1, x_2, ..., x_N)$, we have
X'' = A*X$X'' = A*X$
How can this system become chaotic by introducing an extra term? For instance, would it become chaotic by adding a higher-order term like f_{(x_1)}$f_{(x_1)}$ to the equation of the first oscillator, such as x_1^2$x_1^2$ or x_1^4$x_1^4$? Or, do I need to add nonlinear coupling?