61
votes
Accepted
Fake integers for which the Riemann hypothesis fails?
One way of making "fake integers" explicit is a Beurling generalized number system, which is the multiplicative semigroup $Z$ generated by a (multi)set $P$ of real numbers exceeding $1$; lots of ...
52
votes
Siegel zeros and other "illusory worlds": building theories around hypotheses believed to be false
Girolamo Saccheri in his Euclides Vindicatus (1733) essentially discovered Hyperbolic Geometry, by building around the hypothesis that the angles of a triangle add up less than 180°. This was widely ...
Community wiki
49
votes
Accepted
Why is so much work done on numerical verification of the Riemann Hypothesis?
People are interested in computing the zeros of $\zeta(s)$ and related functions not only as numerical support for RH. Going beyond RH, there are conjectures about the vertical distribution of the ...
48
votes
Accepted
Is this equivalent to RH - Riemann hypothesis?
Yes, this is equivalent to RH (but not in any significant way). Recall the completed Riemann $\xi$-function
$$
\xi(s) = s(s-1) \pi^{-s/2} \Gamma(s/2) \zeta(s),
$$
which, by Hadamard's ...
44
votes
Fake integers for which the Riemann hypothesis fails?
Moving away from the Riemann hypothesis, some questions in additive prime number theory (e.g. twin primes conjecture or even Goldbach conjecture) are considerably more delicate than others (e.g. ...
43
votes
Siegel zeros and other "illusory worlds": building theories around hypotheses believed to be false
Computational complexity theory involves investigating illusory worlds, since so many of the results depend on unanswered questions. A vivid example is given by Russell Impagliazzo's paper "A ...
Community wiki
38
votes
Collection of equivalent forms of Riemann Hypothesis
The following is given without source here:
RH is equivalent to the assertion that for all $n\ge3$ $$| \log \operatorname{lcm}(1,2,\dots, n) - n | < \sqrt{n}\log^2(n)$$
where $\operatorname{lcm}$...
37
votes
Motivated account of the prime number theorem and related topics
To a certain extent, I think that analytic number theory really is magical, and there's a limit to how natural and motivated it can be. Of the accounts I have seen, the one in Donald Newman's book ...
30
votes
Siegel zeros and other "illusory worlds": building theories around hypotheses believed to be false
The first mathematical objects studied that are believed not to exist seems to be odd perfect numbers
In 1496, Jacques Lefèvre stated that Euclid's rule gives all perfect
numbers, thus implying that ...
29
votes
Collection of equivalent forms of Riemann Hypothesis
Lapidus and Maier show that “One can hear the shape of
a fractal string of dimension $D \neq \frac12$” if
and only if the Riemann hypothesis is true.
Community wiki
28
votes
Accepted
Riemann's attempts to prove RH
The short answer is no. If anyone were aware of such a record, it would surely have been Carl Siegel, who undertook a careful study of Riemann’s unpublished notes. However, Siegel wrote:
Approaches ...
27
votes
Why is so much work done on numerical verification of the Riemann Hypothesis?
I would add a few more comments to the very pertinent ones above:
1: We are lucky to have two things that work in our favor - an excellent representation of $\zeta$ on the critical line by a simple ...
26
votes
Why is the Simple Zeros Conjecture said to be stronger than the Riemann Hypothesis?
As Peter Humphries points out, the precise claim is that "RH + Simple Zeroes" is stronger than "RH". Of course, this is formally trivial.
So what's really meant is that "RH + ...
26
votes
Siegel zeros and other "illusory worlds": building theories around hypotheses believed to be false
I have heard that Jack Silver's discovery of zero sharp ($0^\#$) was part of his attempt to show measurable cardinals inconsistent. Instead of finding the long-sought-after contradiction, however, he ...
Community wiki
25
votes
Fake integers for which the Riemann hypothesis fails?
Also, in addition to Beurling's ideas, there is Landau's example of $\zeta(2s)\cdot \zeta(2s-1)$, which has Euler product, meromorphic continuation and functional equation, but no zeros at all on the ...
25
votes
What is the definition of the function T used in Atiyah's attempted proof of the Riemann Hypothesis?
Here's a public paper of the "the fine structure constant" by Atiyah.
It doesn't seem to be the original, but a copy:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WPsVhtBQmdgQl25_evlGQ1mmTQE0Ww4a/view
See the ...
24
votes
Why is so much work done on numerical verification of the Riemann Hypothesis?
Part of the point is that such numerical checks can be demonstrations of the efficiency of this or that new algorithm. However, it is also the case that a finite check (that all the zeroes of $\zeta(s)...
21
votes
Siegel zeros and other "illusory worlds": building theories around hypotheses believed to be false
I believe that there are many instances of this phenomenon in set theory, where an elaborate theory is developed over a period of years by many people, even though the theory is not viewed ultimately ...
Community wiki
20
votes
Accepted
Connes–Consani's absolute geometry and Lurie's spectral algebraic geometry
I know very little about the absolute/algebraic geometry side, but I think I understand the gist of the category theory going on here. I guess this answer might require one to know a bit of both the ...
19
votes
$\frac{\sigma(n)}{n} < e \ln \ln (n)$ is true?
Wikipedia says Robin proved unconditionally that the inequality $${\sigma(n)\over n}<e^{\gamma}\log\log n+{0.6483\over\log\log n}$$ holds for all $n\ge3$. I believe this is in the same paper as the ...
19
votes
Accepted
Does the existence of a Landau-Siegel zero imply the existence of a complex zero off the critical line?
A result of Sarnak and Zaharescu, stated
in the contrapositive, implies the existence of a complex zero off the critical line for at least one Dirichlet L-function if one has a sufficiently strong ...
17
votes
Collection of equivalent forms of Riemann Hypothesis
Using Corollary 1 in Schoenfeld's 1976 paper "Sharper bounds for the Chebyshev functions $\theta(x)$ and $\psi(x)$. II", we see with a bit of numeric work that the Riemann Hypothesis is equivalent to ...
Community wiki
17
votes
Chebyshev's bias-conjecture and the Riemann Hypothesis
Chebyshev made the following assertion, which is interpreted as saying that there are more primes of the form $4n+3$ than of the form $4n+1$:
$$
\lim_{x\to\infty} \sum_{p\ge3} (-1)^{(p-1)/2} e^{-p/x} =...
17
votes
What is the most direct proof of the Riemann hypothesis for Dirichlet L-functions over function fields?
Switching from comment to answer because the comment thread is getting too long.
Let $\# \mathbb{F}=q, t=q^{-s}$ and consider $L(t,\chi)$. Then (by taking the logarithmic derivative of the Euler ...
17
votes
The (current) obstructions for a cohomological interpretation of the Riemann zeta function
One can't give a complete answer to this question without first understanding how etale cohomology does give a cohomological interpretation of the zeta function in the function field case.
Let $X$ be ...
16
votes
Largest known zero of the Riemann zeta function
Regarding Question 1, for their paper The zeta function on the critical line: numerical evidence for moments and random matrix theory models, Hiary and Odlyzko computed 5 billion zeros near the $10^{...
16
votes
Accepted
An integral involving the argument of the Gamma function and the Riemann Hypothesis
We prove that
$$I=-\frac{\pi}{4}(\gamma+\log 4).$$
$$I=\int_0^\infty\frac{t\arg\Gamma(\frac14+\frac{it}{2})}{(\frac14+t^2)^2}\,dt.$$
$I$ is the imaginary part of the complex integral
$$\int_0^\infty ...
16
votes
What are some consequences of zero free strip of the Riemann zeta function?
If this were proven, it would be a huge breakthrough in number theory. The most direct improvement would of course be a power savings in the error term of $\lvert \pi (x) - \mathrm{Li} (x) \rvert$, ...
15
votes
Motivated account of the prime number theorem and related topics
You might like the short (150 page) book by Mazur and Stein:
Prime Numbers and the Riemann Hypothesis, Barry Mazur, William Stein, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
The discussion is definitely ...
15
votes
Accepted
A question regarding Cramér's proof on prime gaps under the Riemann Hypothesis
On the Riemann hypothesis and the difference between primes by Adrian W. Dudek states the result (Theorem 3, at least in the arXiv version) that any $C>1$ works (for $n$ sufficiently large).
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