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The first purpose of schemes theory is the geometrical study of solutions of algebraic systems of equations, not only over the real/complex numbers, but also over integer numbers (and more generally over any commutative ring with 1). It was finalized by Alexandre Grothendieck, during the 1950s and the 1960s.
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The scheme $y^n = x^{2n}$ for $n$ a rational number [closed]
Note that there is a natural morphism of schemes $X_2\to X_1$ given by squaring the coordinates.
Now, what if $n=1/2$? Then can we still make sense of $\sqrt{y} = x$ in some algebraic geometric way? …