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The first purpose of schemes theory is the geometrical study of solutions of algebraic systems of equations, not only over the real/complex numbers, but also over integer numbers (and more generally over any commutative ring with 1). It was finalized by Alexandre Grothendieck, during the 1950s and the 1960s.

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Why define curves over perfect fields?

One may define a curve (e.g. separated scheme of finite type of dim. 1) over an algebraically closed field, as done in Hartshorne's book. A weaker assumption, which is used commonly, is to define a cu …