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Nonstandard analysis is a way of doing calculus and analysis with infinitesimals. The historical approach of Leibniz, Euler, and others to infinitesimal calculus was gradually replaced by epsilon, delta techniques in the context of a real continuum, in the 19th century. It was not until the 1960s that Abraham Robinson developed a theory of a hyperreal continuum that allows for a development of analysis procedurally akin to that of its founders.

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Non standard extension of real numbers via nonprincipal ultra filters

Assume That $U,V$ are two filters on the natural number $\mathbb{N}$. We say that $U$ is equivalent to $V$ if there is a bijection $\phi: \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N}$ such that $\tilde{\phi}(U)= …