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Prime numbers, diophantine equations, diophantine approximations, analytic or algebraic number theory, arithmetic geometry, Galois theory, transcendental number theory, continued fractions
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Why is every finite set Diophantine?
Or, very simply stated, given the finite set $S = \{a_1, \dots , a_k\}$, consider the diophantine equation: $$(n-a_1)\dots(n-a_k)=0.$$
EDIT: Then we can write S as $\{ \ n \ | \ \exists x : (n-a_1)\do …