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A semigroup is a set $S$ together with a binary operation that is associative. Examples of semigroups are the set of finite strings over a fixed alphabet (under concatenation) and the positive integers (under addition, maximum, or minimum). A monoid is a semigroup with a neutral element. Of course, any group is also a monoid/semigroup.

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flat maps of monoids which are not localizations

It is well known that a localization $S^{-1}R$ of a commutative ring $R$ is flat as a $R$-module. Rather, I am looking for extensions of rings which share certain properties of localizations, like fla …
Ricardo Andrade's user avatar