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Diophantine equations are polynomial equations $F=0$, or systems of polynomial equations $F_1=\ldots=F_k=0$, where $F,F_1,\ldots,F_k$ are polynomials in either $\mathbb{Z}[X_1,\ldots,X_n]$ of $\mathbb{Q}[X_1,\ldots,X_n]$ of which it is asked to find solutions over $\mathbb{Z}$ or $\mathbb{Q}$. Topics: Pell equations, quadratic forms, elliptic curves, abelian varieties, hyperelliptic curves, Thue equations, normic forms, K3 surfaces ...
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Impossible Heronian Triangles (Ratio of 2 Sides)
With reference to Noam's result, equivalent to $a(a - x^2) = (a - 1) y^2$, it isn't hard to show that this is rational, and $a, x, y$ can be expressed in terms of two parameters.
From this one can ch …