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Algebraic systems, relational structures. As considered in model theory, a structure (or a model) is a set endowed with a family of finitary relations and functions (operations). In some contexts, these can be represented by relational structures with some of the $(n+1)$-ary relations being viewed as $n$-ary functions. As considered in universal algebra, an algebraic structure is a structure with operations only.

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Linear system with +-1 coefficients and three variables for each equation

I have a linear system $LS$, where each equation contains three variables and the coefficient of each variable is $\pm 1$. For example, I have $x_{a}-x_{b}+x_{c}=p$ ($p$ is the known term). Suppose …