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A semigroup is a set $S$ together with a binary operation that is associative. Examples of semigroups are the set of finite strings over a fixed alphabet (under concatenation) and the positive integers (under addition, maximum, or minimum). A monoid is a semigroup with a neutral element. Of course, any group is also a monoid/semigroup.
2
votes
need references regarding the elementary theory of free semigroup and free abelian groups
It is easy to prove that non-isomorphic free abelian groups (of finite rank) have distinct elementary theories, by exhibiting specific sentences that hold in one but not the other. For instance, $\ma …
27
votes
Accepted
Mapping from a finite index subgroup onto the whole group
Here is a proof that there is no such finitely generated group. It's similar to Mal'cev's proof that finitely generated residually finite groups are non-Hopfian.
First, note that $\ker\phi$ is not c …