What Nathaniel wrote
*"This statement is over ${\mathbb Z}$. I don't know of a rational version of Ranicki's total surgery obstruction, and Ranicki told me he doesn't either."* 
is strictly true in the sense that I do not know a manifold interpretation of the vanishing of the rational total surgery obstruction. However, the total surgery obstruction of an $R$-coefficient Poincare duality space can be defined 
for any ring $R$ with ${\mathbb Z} \subseteq R \subseteq {\mathbb Q}$. In the 1970's Quinn (and others) developed surgery obstruction theories for $R$-coefficient Poincar\'e duality spaces, but these theories have languished both for theoretical and practical reasons (e.g. a lack of examples).