It turns out that my question is all about linear algebra. As I mentioned in the chat, to find such a quadric surface, one needs to find a line $L'$ in $\mathbb P^4$, which lies in the normal direction of $L$ inside the cubic threefold $X$. Such a line is the image of a nonzero section $s$ in the normal bundle $N_{L|X}\cong \mathcal{O}\oplus \mathcal{O}$ and the quadric surface is determined by the family of disjoint lines $\cup_{t\in \mathbb C}ts(L)$. 

In other words, by linearizing the local equation of the Fano variety of lines $F$ of $X$ in the Grassmannian $Gr(2,5)$ (i.e., throw out higher-order terms in 6.14 in Clemens-Griffiths), we can determine that the equation of $L'_t=ts(L)$ is

 $$
    \begin{cases}
    tax_1+x_2=0,\\
    tbx_0-x_4=0,\\
    tax_0-tbx_1-x_3=0.
    \end{cases}\tag{1}\label{1}
    $$

with $(a,b)\in \mathbb P^1$. By standard linear algebra, we cancel out $t$ and find that, if $(a,b)=(1,0)$ or $(0,1)$, the solution contains the quadric  surface $$Q_1:x_4=0,~ x_2x_0+x_3x_1=0, \text{or}$$ $$Q_2:x_2=0,~x_4x_1+x_3x_0=0,$$ that mentioned in the question respectively. When both $a$ and $b$ are nonzero, the solution of $(\ref{1})$ contains a quadric surface $$a^2x_4+b^2x_2-abx_3=0,~ax_2x_0+ax_3x_1+bx_0x_1=0.\tag{2}\label{2}$$

Let $b\to 0$, one recovers $Q_1$. To recover $Q_2$, one cancel out $x_2$ by the linear equation in $(\ref{2})$  and let $a\to 0$.