The answer is yes, this can happen. Consider the following example.

Consider the theory describing a bijection between two disjoint
predicates $f:A\to B$. So a model consists of two disjoint parts, the
$A$-part and the $B$-part, and a bijection $f$ between them. The
language is $\{f,A,B\}$.

This theory is categorical in every cardinality. But if we restrict
the theory to just the language with the two predicates $\{A,B\}$
and without the bijection, then it is no longer categorical in
uncountable powers, since one predicate could have a different
cardinality than the other.