Note that any metric with unique infinite geodesics on $\mathbb R^2$ has this property. 
In particular, hyperbolic plane as noted by Heather Macbeth.
It also includes Minkowski plane with smooth ball and all complete negatively curved Riemannian metrics on $\mathbb R^2$. 

So it is better to ask: 

 - Is it true that the function $p$ is the only possible? ($p(a,b,c)=0,1,$ or $2$ when the triangle inequality for a,b,c, correspondingly, fails, turns into equality, or is strict.)

 - Is it true that space has to be homeomorphic to $\mathbb R^2$?

**Edit:**
You condition implies existence of line (i.e. infinite minimizing geodesic) through any pair of points. It is likely that such line must be unique but I do not see it immediately. **If true,** and space is complete then line  depends continuousely on the points. 
For 4 points $a_1, a_2, a_3, a_4$ take geodesic $a_1a_2$ connect each point to $a_3$ and connect each point of this trianle to $a_4$. 
This way we get a cone-map of 3-simplex in your space. 
If it is *nondegenerate* (i.e. the image does not coinsides with image of its boundary) then it would be easy to get a triple of small numbers $a,b,c$ such that $p(a,b,c)=\infty$ thus we arrive to a contradiction. Thus the space must be 2-dimensional and with unique infinite geodesics --- I bet it should be homeomorphic to $\mathbb R^2$...