Let $\ \mathbb N:= \{1\ 2\ \ldots\}\ $ be the set of natural numbers. Let $\ \mathbb P:=\{2\,\ 3\,\ 5\,\ 7\,\ 11\,\ \ldots\}\ $ be the set of primes. Then natural radical $\ rad(n)\ $ is $$ rad(n)\ :=\ \prod\,\{p\in\mathbb P: p\,|\,n\} $$ for every $\ n\in\mathbb N$. Define $$ \rho\ :=\ \sum_{N\in\mathbb N}\,\frac 1{n\cdot rad(n)} $$ hence $\ \rho > \frac{\pi^2}6.\ $ Furthermore, it'd be an exercise for 1' year college students (or advanced high school students) to show that $\ \rho<\infty.\ $ Don't tell them too early that $$\ \rho\ =\ \prod_{p\in \mathbb P}\,\left(1+\frac 1{p\cdot(p-1)}\right) $$ >**QUESTION** $\ $ Can you find (yourself or a reference) an algerbaic expression, possibly in terms of $\pi$ and/or $e$ for $\rho$. Something like $\ \frac{\pi^{\frac 52}}6$ or similar. <hr /> More generally, let $$ \rho(s)\ :=\ \sum_{n\in\mathbb N}\,\frac 1{n\cdot (rad(n))^s} $$ for every complex $\ s\in\mathbb C\ $ such that it's real part is positive,$\ \Re(s)>0.\ $ Thus $$ \rho(s)\ =\ \prod_{p\in\mathbb P}\, \left(1+\frac 1{p^s\cdot(p-1)}\right) $$ >**QUESTION A** $\ $What would be the compact expressions for $\ \rho(n)\ $ for all or as many natural values of $\ n\ $ as possible? >**QUESTION B** $\ $ What are the other formulas for $\ \rho(s)\ $ in the style of multiplicative number theory. >**QUESTION C** $\ $ How does the complex analytic extension of $\ \rho(s)\ $ look like? <hr /> $\qquad\qquad\qquad$ **NOTES** Here is my third personal proof (:-) of the infinitude of primes: >**THEOREM** (*Euclid*) $\ |\mathbb P| = \infty$ **PROOF** $\ $ We see from the product representation of $\ \rho\ $ that $\ \rho<\infty\ $ in general, and especially if $|\mathbb P|<\infty.\ $ On the other hand, when $\ |\mathbb P|<\infty$ then $\ r:=\prod\mathbb P\in\mathbb N.\ $ Then $$ \rho\ >\ \sum_{k=1}^n\,\frac 1{k\cdot rad(k)}\ \ge\ \frac 1r \cdot\sum_{k=1}^n\,\frac 1k\ \longrightarrow\ \infty $$ when $\ n\rightarrow\infty.\ $ Assumption $\ |\mathbb P|<\infty\ $ has lead us to a contradiction. >**END of proof** $\qquad\qquad\qquad$ **ADDENDUM** Let me copy @Lucia's formula from their first comment below. You may also read Lucia's second comment related to a paper by Bateman. (*My proof below is certainly overly pedantic. I just wanted to avoid any mistakes*). **THEOREM (@Lucia)** $$ \rho\ =\ \frac {\zeta(2)\cdot\zeta(3)}{\zeta(6)} $$ **PROOF** Equivalently: $\ \rho\cdot\zeta(6)\ =\ \zeta(2)\cdot\zeta(3).\ $ Thus it is enough to prove $$ \left(1+\sum_{k=2}^\infty p^{-k}\right)\cdot\sum_{k=0}^\infty p^{-6\cdot k}\ = \ \sum_{k=0}^\infty p^{-2\cdot k}\cdot\sum_{k=0}^\infty p^{-3\cdot k} $$ for every $\ p\in\mathbf P$. Consider the formal equality: \begin{equation}\label{a} 1 +\sum_{n=2}^\infty\, a_n\cdot x^n\ =\ \left(1+\sum_{k=2}^\infty x^k\right)\cdot\sum_{k=0}^\infty x^{6\cdot k} \end{equation} Obviously, for $\ n\in\{2\ 3\ 4\ 5\}\ $ we get $$ a_2=a_3=a_4=a_5= 1$$ For the remaining $\ n\ge 6 $ we may write $\ n=6\cdot t+r\ $ where $\ (t\ r)\ $ is a unique pair of integers such that $$ r\in\{0\ 7\ 2\ 3\ 4\ 5\} $$ (yes, $\mathbf 7$--not a typo). All contributions from the above righthand product to the summand $\ a_n\cdot x^n\ $ on the left are: $$ x^{r+6\cdot k} \cdot x^{6\cdot (t-k)} $$ for $k=0\ldots t,\ $ meaning that there are $\ t+1\ $ contributions, i.e. $\ a_n=t+1$. Now consider the formal equality \begin{equation}\label{b} 1 +\sum_{n=2}^\infty\, b_n\cdot x^n\ =\ \sum_{k=0}^\infty x^{2\cdot k}\cdot\sum_{k=0}^\infty x^{3\cdot k} \end{equation} All contributions from the above righthand product to the summand $\ b_n\cdot x^n\ $ on the left are of the form $$ x^{2\cdot u}\cdot x^{3\cdot v}\ =\ x^{2\cdot(3\cdot k+r)}\cdot x^{3\cdot (2\cdot m+s)} $$ where $\ r=0\ or\ 1\ or\ 2\ $ and $\ s=0\ or\ 2.\ $ Obviously, $\ s\equiv n\ \mod 2,\ $ thus $\ s\ $ is the same for all said contributions for a fixed $\ n.\ $ Also, $\ r\equiv -n\mod 3\ $ is the same for all contributions for a fixed $\ n.\ $ Since $\ r\ $ and $\ s\ $ are fixed for a fixed $\ n,\ $ the value $\ w:=k+m\ $ is fixed too. Indeed, $\ w\,=\, \frac 16\cdot (n-2\!\cdot\! r - 3\!\cdot\! s).\ $ We obtain all the contribution by varying $\ k\ $ from $\ 0$ to $w,\ $ i.e. there are $\ w+1\ $ of them--in other words $\ b_n=w+1$. Clearly, $\ w=0\ $ for $\ n=2\ 3\ 4\ 5,\ $ hence $\ b_n=a_n=1\ $ for $\ n=2\ 3\ 4\ 5.\ $ Furthermore $$ w = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \lfloor\frac n6\rfloor & \mbox{ $r<2\,$ or $\,s<1$} \\ \ & \mbox{ } \\ \lfloor\frac n6\rfloor-1 & \mbox{ $r=2\,$ and $\,s=1$} \end{array}\right . $$ Thus $\ w=t\ $ (see above about $t$ related to $n$), thus $\ b_n=a_n\ $ for every $\ n\ge 6\ $ too. **END of Proof**