An explicit formula is given [in this page](https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Graham-PollakSequence.html) which is given in the [OEIS page](https://oeis.org/A091524) you have referred to. 

The explicit formula for the Graham-Pollak sequence is $a_n=\lfloor{\tau(m)(2^{\frac{n}{2}}+2^{\frac{(n-1)}{2}})}\rfloor$. Hence, $b_n(m)=a_{2n+1}(m)-2a_{2n-1}(m)=\lfloor{\tau(m)(\sqrt{2}+1)2^n}\rfloor-\lfloor{\tau(m)(\sqrt{2}+1)2^{n-1}}\rfloor$.

Now, the sequence $\tau(m)$ is the set $\mathbb N \cup \sqrt{2} \mathbb N$ arranged in ascending order.

**Claim 1**: We can write $\tau(m)=\chi(m)\sqrt{\eta(m)}$, where $\chi(m)$ is a sequence of natural numbers with each natural number appearing exactly twice. 

The set $\chi(m)$ is such that,if for some $m$, $\chi(m)=k$ is the first appearence $\eta(m)=1$ and if it's second appearence $\eta(m)=2$.

For the sequence $\{b_n\}(m)=a_{2n+1}(m)-2a_{2n-1}(m)$ we would show that $b_n(m)=b_n(m'),\forall n\in \mathbb N$, where $(m,m')$ is such that $\chi(m)=k=\chi(m'), m'>m,k \in \mathbb N$. 

We have, $b_n(m)=\lfloor{\Lambda_n(m)}\rfloor-2\lfloor{\Lambda_n(m)/2}\rfloor$ where $\lfloor{\Lambda_n(m)}\rfloor=\lfloor{\tau(m)(\sqrt{2}+1)2^n}\rfloor$. If $\lfloor{\Lambda_n(m)}\rfloor$  is even $b_n(m)=0$, if it is odd, $b_n(m)=1$. 

Now, $\Lambda(m')=\sqrt(2)\chi(m)\sqrt{\eta(m)}(\sqrt{2}+1)2^n$. For, $m,m'$ pair $\eta(m)=1, \chi(m) \in \mathbb N$. Hence, $\Lambda(m')=\Lambda(m)+\chi(m)2^n$. Hence, $\lfloor{\Lambda(m)}\rfloor$ and $\lfloor{\Lambda(m')}\rfloor$ has same parity, implying that $\{b_n\}(m)=\{b_n\}(m') \forall n \in \mathbb N$....$(1)$ 

(There is no $q$ other than $m'$ such that $\{b_n\}(m)=\{b_n\}(q)$ for all $n$. Because the parity can't be same for all n when $\tau(q) = \sqrt{2}$and $\tau(m)$ and $\eta(m)=1$ isn't true simultaneously).

As the sequence $a(m)$ (which is asked) contains all the natural numbers in ascending (meaning that $p$ appears before $q$ if $p<q$), $(1)$ implies that $\{a(m)\}=\{\chi(m)\}$. As,the asked sequence $\{b(n)\}=\{\tau(n)^2\}$, it just requiers to prove Claim 1.

To do so, we have to prove $l_{m+1}-l_{m}=\eta(m)+1$, where $l_i$ is such that $\eta(l_i)$ is the $i$-th $2$ in the $\eta$ sequence. 

**Edit**: The proof of Claim-1: Let's assume $l_i$ be a sequence such that $l_{m+1}-l_{m}=\eta(m)+1\Rightarrow l_m=m-1+\sum_{i}^{m-1}\eta(i)+2$. We will show that $l_m$ is the $m$-th $2$ in the $\eta(n)$ sequence.

First of all we have, $\sum_{i=1}^{m-1}\eta(i)=\lfloor{m\sqrt{2}}\rfloor-1$. Also assume,$m\sqrt{2}=a+r, a\in \mathbb N, 0<r<1$.

Hence, $l_m=m+a$.So, $\eta(l_m)=\lfloor{(m+a+1)\sqrt{2}}\rfloor-\lfloor(m+a)\sqrt{2}\rfloor$. 

or, $\eta(l_m)=\lfloor{\sqrt2+m\sqrt{2}+(m\sqrt2-r)\sqrt2}\rfloor-\lfloor m\sqrt{2}+(m\sqrt2-r)\sqrt2\rfloor$. 

Using $m\sqrt{2}=a+r, a\in \mathbb N, 0<r<1$, we get $\eta(l_m)=\lfloor{\sqrt2-(\sqrt2-1)r}\rfloor-\lfloor-r(\sqrt2-1)\rfloor=2$ as $0<r<1$

Now, we just need to show these are the only numbers having $\eta=2$.

We have, $l_{m+1}-l_m=\eta(m)+1$. We would show that $\eta(l_m+c)=1$ for all $c\leq \eta(m)$. If $\eta(m)=1, c=1$. In that case like previous steps we get $\eta(l_m+1)=\lfloor{2\sqrt2-(\sqrt2-1)}\rfloor-\lfloor\sqrt2-r(\sqrt2-1)r\rfloor$, as $r<1$ we have $\eta(l_m+c)=1$.

If $\eta(m)=2, c=1 \text{or} 2$. We have similarly $\eta(l_m+2)=\lfloor{3\sqrt2-(\sqrt2-1)r}\rfloor-\lfloor{2\sqrt2-r(\sqrt2-1)}\rfloor=1$ because $\eta(m)=2 \Rightarrow 1>r>2(\sqrt2-1)$ and so, $3<3\sqrt2-r(\sqrt2-1)<4$ while $2<2\sqrt2-r(\sqrt2-1)<3$.

This implies that $l_m$ is the $m$-th $2$ in $\eta$ sequence, proving the Claim-1, and so the asked conjecture.