The paper

M. L. Cartwright, J. E. Littlewood. *On non-linear differential equations of the second
order. I.* The equation $y''-k(1-y^2)y+y=b\lambda k\cos(\lambda t+a)$ J.London Math.
Soc. 20, (1945)

was not only written during the war, but also was stimulated by the war. Subsequently it played an important role in prehistory of hyperbolic dynamics.

In 1960 Stephen Smale conjectured that Morse-Smale systems are the only structurally
stable systems.
It was pointed out to Smale that his conjectures are likely to be false. Rene
Thom argued that hyperbolic automorphism does not lie in the closure of Morse-
Smale systems. Norman Levinson wrote to Smale with a reference to the above paper in
which Cartwright and Littlewood studied certain differential equation of second
order with periodic forcing. This work arose from war-related studies involving
radio waves. The equation leads to a flow on R3. According to Levinson this 
flow
has infinitely many periodic orbits; this phenomenon is robust which can be seen
from the paper and also it was directly proved for a dierent equation in his own
work. This led Smale to discovery of the famous horseshoe and subsequent explosive development in smooth dynamics.