In Corollary 5.12 of Whitehead's book it is shown that that the cobase change of a homotopy equivalence along a cofibration (NDR pair) is again a homotopy equivalence. This ought to imply  homotopy invariance of the double mapping cylinder construction (with respect to homotopy equivalences of the spaces used to form the double mapping cylinder). A result
along these lines is sometimes called the "gluing lemma."

ADDED: Here's a better reference for the gluing lemma: tom Dieck, Tammo Partitions of unity in homotopy theory. Composito Math. 23 (1971), 159–167


Consider a diagram $B \leftarrow A \to C$ of spaces homotopy equivalent to CW complexes to which we will take the mapping cylinder. 
Use the map of diagrams
$$
|S.B| \leftarrow \quad|S.A| \rightarrow |S.C|
$$

$$
 \qquad \downarrow  \qquad \qquad \qquad  \downarrow \qquad \qquad \quad \downarrow \qquad 
$$

$$
B \qquad \leftarrow \qquad  A \qquad \to C
$$ 

where $|S.-|$ in each case means geometric realization of the total singular complex.  Then homotopy
invariance applied to the above shows that the double mapping cylinder of the top line, which is a CW complex, has the homotopy type of the double mapping cylinder of the bottom line. 

As far as finiteness goes, that should be a consequence of Wall's finiteness conditions for CW complexes, or maybe one could argue directly: it seems to me that if $f: X \to Y$ is a map of spaces, each having the homotopy type of a finite CW complex, 
then there is a factorization 
$X \to Y' \to Y$ in which $Y'$ is obtained from $X$ by attaching finitely many cells and $Y' \to Y$ is a homotopy equivalence. If we use this, then it seems to me that we can find a diagram $B' \leftarrow A' \to C'$ which maps by homotopy equivalences to $B \leftarrow A \to C$ such that each space in the new diagram is a finite complex and each map is a cofibration. Then the pushout $B' \cup_{A'} C'$ has the homotopy type of the original double mapping cylinder and it is also a finite CW complex.