The easiest way to prove this is using variational calculus. You have to put
$$
  \delta I(G(\omega))=0.
$$
The calculation is quite straigthforward and provides the condition
$$
  \delta G(\omega)=0
$$
and so the extremum is for $G(\omega)=G=constant$. Finally, from the condition you have to set
$$
  \int_{-k\pi}^{k\pi}G(\omega)=2k\pi G=1.
$$
This gives the value of the extremum $G=\frac{1}{2k\pi}$.

**Expanded on OP request**: The idea behind  functional calculus (calculus of variations) is to consider a class of functionals, as in your case, that can be amenable to a generalized differentiation. You can find all the rules and the definition of a functional derivative [here][1] but for a more serious approach some lectures as the ones I pointed out in the comment area are needed. Your case is particularly simple as one is left in each term with the variation of $G(\omega)$ and this must be zero to find an extremum.

**Update on OP request**: Let us introduce the following functional
$$
   Z_m[G]=\int_{-k\pi}^{k\pi}\frac{A}{G(\omega)+A}e^{-im\omega}d\omega
$$
The functional we are considering takes the form
$$
   I[G]=Z_0[G]-\frac{Z_1^*[G]Z_1[G]}{Z_0[G]}.
$$
Now we have
$$
   \delta Z_m[G]=-\int_{k\pi}^{-k\pi}\frac{A}{(G(\omega)+A)^2}\delta G(\omega)e^{-im\omega}d\omega.
$$
Chain rule applies also to functionals and we can evaluate $\delta I[G]$ immediately to give
$$
  \delta I[G]=\delta Z_0[G]-\frac{Z_1^*[G]Z_1[G]\delta Z_0[G]-Z_0[G]\delta(Z_1^*[G]Z_1[G])}{Z_0^2[G]}
$$
and we see that the condition $\delta G(\omega)=0$ sets the variation to zero. This solution is consistent with the given constraint provided $G=\frac{1}{2k\pi}$. The application of the constarint a posteriori fixes the value of the constant.

  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_derivative