I like the question very much.
First, let me mention briefly that the question has a flaw in the quantifier order, since you have first fixed the theory $\Gamma$ and then ask for a cardinal $\kappa$ such that if all subtheories $\Delta\subset\Gamma$ of size at most $\kappa$ are consistent, then $\Gamma$ is consistent. This is trivially affirmative, since we may simply let $\kappa=|\Gamma|$, in which case $\Delta=\Gamma$ is one of the allowed subtheories.
The actual question here is the following (and note that I replace your $\leq\kappa$ with $\lt\kappa$, since this is how one usually frames it with weakly and strongly compact cardinals):
Question. Is there are a cardinal $\kappa$ such that if $\Gamma$ is any $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ theory in any signature, and every $\kappa$-small subtheory is consistent, then $\Gamma$ is consistent?
Let us call this property the $\kappa$-compactness property for $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$. Just to be clear, $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ is the infinitary language in which one is allowed to form countable conjunctions and disjunctions, but still only finitely many quantifiers at a time. Meanwhile, $L_{\kappa,\lambda}$ allows conjunctions and disjunctions of size less than $\kappa$ and blocks of quantifiers of size less than $\lambda$. One instinctively thinks of the following large cardinals:
A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if it is uncountable and $L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ has the $\kappa$-compactness property for theories in a language of size at most $\kappa$.
A cardinal $\kappa$ is strongly compact if and only if it is uncountable and $L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ has the $\kappa$-compactness property for any theory without any size restriction.
One crucial difference between $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ and $L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ or even $L_{\omega_1,\omega_1}$ is that in $L_{\omega_1,\omega_1}$, one can express the assertion that a relation is well-founded, since you can say that it has no infinite descending sequence. This does not seem possible to express in $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$, because one can quantify only finitely many variables at a time.
Theorem. If $\kappa$ is strongly compact, then $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ has the $\kappa$-compactness property.
Proof. This is immediate, since any $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ theory is also a $L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ theory. QED
Theorem. If $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ has the $\kappa$-compactness property, then there is a measurable cardinal.
Proof. Suppose that $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ has the $\kappa$-compactness property. Let $\Gamma$ be the theory including the following assertions:
- the full $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ diagram of the structure $\langle \kappa,\in,\hat A\rangle_{A\subset \kappa}$, in the language with a predicate $\hat A$ for each $A\subset\kappa$ and constants $\hat\alpha$ for each $\alpha\in\kappa$.
- the assertions $c\neq \hat\alpha$ for each $\alpha\in\kappa$.
Note that any $\kappa$-small subtheory of $\Gamma$ is consistent, since we may interpret $c$ inside $\kappa$ if only fewer than $\kappa$ many $\alpha$ are excluded. So by the $\kappa$-compactness property, $\Gamma$ has a model $\langle M,\hat\in,\hat A^M\rangle$. Let $U$ be the set of $A$ for which $M\models c\in\hat A$. This $U$ is an ultrafilter and it is countably complete, since the assertions $(\forall x. \bigwedge_n x\in A_n)\to x\in A$, whenever $A=\cap A_n$, are part of $\Gamma$. It is nonprincipal since $c\neq \hat\alpha$ for any $\alpha$. So there is a countably complete nonprincipal ultrafilter, and hence there is a measurable cardinal, since the degree of completeness of such an ultrafilter is always measurable. QED
In particular, the hypothesis is strictly stronger than a weakly compact cardinal.
I'm not yet sure of the exact strength, but I'm inclined to think it is equiconsistent with a strongly compact cardinal, in light of the following observation:
Theorem. If $\kappa$ is the least measurable cardinal, then $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ has the $\kappa$-compactness property if and only if $\kappa$ is strongly compact.
Proof. Suppose $\kappa$ is the smallest measurable cardinal and $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ has the $\kappa$-compactness property. Fix any regular cardinal $\theta\geq\kappa$, and let $\Gamma$ be the $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ theory of $\langle\theta,\in,\hat\alpha,\hat A\rangle_{\alpha\in\theta,A\subset\theta}$, plus the assertion $\hat\alpha\lt c$ for each $\alpha\in\theta$. This theory is $\kappa$-satisfiable, and indeed, $\theta$-satisfiable. So it is satisfiable, and there is therefore a model $\langle M,\in^M,\hat\alpha^M,\hat A^M,c^M\rangle$. Let $U$ be the set of $A\subset \theta$ such that $M\models c\in \hat A$. This is a countably complete nonprincipal uniform ultrafilter on $\theta$. Since $\kappa$ is the least measurable cardinal, it follows that $U$ must be $\kappa$-complete. So we have a $\kappa$-complete nonprincipal uniform ultrafilter on every regular $\theta\geq\kappa$. By a theorem of Menas, this implies that $\kappa$ is strongly compact. QED
Note that results of Magidor show that it is indeed possible for the least measurable cardinal to be strongly compact.