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It shouldn't be too hard to find some necessary conditions and some sufficient conditions, e.g., complex conjugation acts on dessins by reflection, so a dessin defined over Q should certainly have a mirror symmetry.

One can certainly give an explicit dessin for all the modular curves, since they all have a map to $X(1) \cong \mathbb P^1$ ramified over only $3$ points (the elliptic points and the cusp), the precondition for a dessin. One can compute it by looking at the group action of $\Gamma/\Gamma(N)$.

The existence of a map which factors through the map to $\mathbb P^1$ is an obvious sufficient condition. It is fairly painless to check but seems very unlikely to be strong enough. I would expect that the problem is extremely hard in general.