Let $\mathcal{A}$ be a smooth maximal atlas on a differentiable manifold $M$. Let $f:M\to M$ be a smooth invertible function, whose inverse is not smooth (for example $f:\mathbb R\to \mathbb R$, $f(x)=x^3$). Then $f$ induces an atlas $\mathcal{A}'$ which is not compatible with $\mathcal{A}$.

Since the relation of compatibility between such atlases is an equivalence, the problem of classifying them appears. To simplify, we can try to classify the smooth atlases which are compatible on $M-N$, where $N\subset M$, but are incompatible on $N$. The simplest case seems to be when $N$ contains only a point.

Another problem is to find all maximal atlases for which a given function on $M$, or other object, for example a tensor, is smooth.

Are there any studies of these kinds of classifications of atlases?

Update: I don't ask about exotic smooth structures. The compatibility of atlases is "finer", but both are named "smooth structures", which leads to confusions (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_structure#Confusion_about_terminology)