A famous result in linear algebra is the following. > An $n \times n$ matrix $A$ over a field $\mathbb{F}$ is similar to its transpose $A^T$. I know one proof using the Smith Normal Form (SNF). However, I want to find an elementary proof avoiding any concepts related to the SNF. My question is: is there an elementary way to prove this? The requirements are: - Do NOT use the structure theorem over PID. - Do NOT use the Smith Normal form (nor Jordan canonical form). - Do NOT use the concept of invariant factors. - Provide an explicit invertible matrix $P$ such that $A=PA^T P^{-1}$.