Let's consider the following $n \times n$ cyclic stochastic matrix $$ M= \begin{pmatrix} 0 & a_2 & & & &b_n \\\ b_1 & 0& a_3& &&& \\\ & b_2 & 0& \ddots & & \\\ & &\ddots&\ddots &a_{n-1} & \\\ & && &0 &a_n \\\ a_1 & & & &b_{n-1} &0 \end{pmatrix} $$ such that $\forall i$, $a_i,\,b_i$ are positive real number, $a_i+b_i = 1$ and all other component of the matrix are zeros. This is a cyclic matrix in the sense that the associated graph is cyclic. From the Perron-Frobenius theorem, the eigenvalues $\lambda$ of such matrix all belong to the unit disc. $$(\Re \lambda )^2 + (\Im \lambda )^2 \leq 1 $$ From numerical explorations, I believe that all eigenvalues of $M$ belong to the ellipse $$(\Re \lambda )^2 + \frac{(\Im \lambda )^2}{(\tanh p)^2} \leq 1 $$ where $p$ denote $p = \frac{1}{2}\ln \frac{\sqrt[n]{\prod_i a_i}}{\sqrt[n]{\prod_i b_i}}$, assumed to be positive, otherwise inverse $a_i$ and $b_i$. One of the extremal case is the symmetric case $a_i=b_i$ where $p=0$ and all eigenvalues are real. The equality is reached in the uniform case of all $a_i$ to being equal to some value and all $b_i$ being equal to another value, the matrix being then a circulant matrix. I can already prove that the imaginary part of the eigenvalue is bounded by $\tanh p$ (see below), but I am unable to extend the prove to include the real part. I also try to play with the Brauer theorem about oval of Cassini exposed into [Horn & Johnson, Matrix Analysis], but it did not get me anywhere Do you have any hints or suggestions to prove the inclusion of the eigenvalue into the ellipse? ----------------- Proof for the imaginary part: Denote $z$ the left eigenvector associated with eigenvalue $\lambda$, we have from the eigenvalue equation $\lambda z = z M $, $$\forall i,\quad \lambda = a_i \frac{z_{i-1}}{z_i} + b_i\frac{z_{i+1}}{z_i} = \frac{a_i}{a_i+b_i} \frac{z_{i-1}}{z_i} + \frac{b_i}{a_i+b_i} \frac{z_{i+1}}{z_i} $$, where $i+1$ and $i-1$ ar evaluated modulo $n$, ad the second equality follow from $a_i+b_i=1$. By taking the product of the imaginary part of all previous equation and denoting $p_i= \ln \sqrt{\frac{a_i}{bi}}$ , we get $$ \Im \lambda = \sqrt{\prod_i \,a_i b_i \Im \frac{z_{i-1}}{z_i} \Im \frac{z_{i+1}}{z_i} }\prod_i \frac{\sinh (p_i+\frac{1}{2}\ln \Im\frac{ z_{i+1} }{z_{i}} \Im\frac{z_{i} }{z_{i-1}} )}{\cosh p_i} \leq \prod_i \frac{\sinh (p_i+\frac{1}{2}\ln \Im\frac{ z_{i+1} }{z_{i}} \Im\frac{z_{i} }{z_{i-1}} )}{\cosh p_i}$$ The inequality use that $ \prod_i \Im \frac{z_{i-1}}{z_i}\leq 1$. The concavity of $\ln \sinh$ and the convexity of $\ln \cosh$, give the result $$ \Im \lambda \leq \tanh p.$$