The idea of studying the relationship between structured spaces and appropriate spaces of functions thereon could be described as one of the basic principles of functional analysis, perhaps even the defining one.

Examples: 

completely regular spaces and continuous functions-- general, bounded or of compact support (in the locally compact case);

$\sigma$- algebras and (bounded) measurable functions;

measure spaces and $L^p$-spaces (strictly speaking, equivalence classes of functions);

smooth manifolds, including open subsets of euclidean space, and spaces of smooth functions, sometimes combined with growth conditions;

and finally, but the list could go on,

complex manifolds and holomorphic functions, again often combined with growth conditions.