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Jason Dyer
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This is not what I would call "nonstandard", but you may be interested in surreal numbers. They were originally developed for combinatoric game theory but they allow somewhat unique circumstances in treating infinity and infinitesimals; like the paper below explains, using surreal numbers you can discuss "the square root of infinity" without it being complete nonsense.

Link to fairly good introduction

Jason Dyer
  • 2.6k
  • 1
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  • 29