Let me give you a counter-example with an associative $\beta$, i.e. a Frechet algebra for which the exponentials do not exist in general: The main reason is that a Frechet algebra needs not to be locally *multiplicatively* convex. On the Weyl algebra with two generators $Q$ and $P$ subject to the commutation relations $[Q, P] = 1$ there are several locally convex topologies possible such that the completion yields a Frechet algebra. Now it is well-known that none of them can be locally multiplicatively convex. In fact, one can show that e.g. the exponentials of quadratic expressions in the generators like $Q^2$ do not converge.

If of course you have a Frechet algebra which is locally multiplicatively convex then you have an entire calculus and hence in particular exponentials of all elements.

Edit: here is just simple argument that in an algebra with elements satisfying ccr one can not have submultiplicative seminorms: you compute $[Q, \cdots [Q, P^n] \cdot]$ directly (with $n$ commutators) and get essentially $n!$ times the identity of the algebra. On the other hand, if there would be a submultiplicative seminorm then using the submultiplicativity and a simple counting of all terms gives that the seminorm on this expression grows like $2^n$ times the seminorm of the identity. Thus the seminorm has to vanish on the identity and hence it is identically zero. It is essentially the same proof as the one to show that there is no normed algebra with ccr. 

In case you are interested in, I have a recent preprint on the arXiv where several locally convex topologies for the Weyl algebra are discussed, none of course mutliplocatively convex ;)