Let $O$ be a valuation ring with fraction field $K$ of characteristic zero and residue field $O/m=k$ of characteristic $p>0$, and $X$ be a proper smooth scheme over $O$. Then can we control the mod $p$ etale cohomology of the special fiber by that of the generic fiber? Namely, do we have $\dim_{\Bbb F_p}H^i_{et}(X_k,\Bbb F_p) \leq\dim_{\Bbb F_p}H^i_{et}(X_K,\Bbb F_p)$ in general? I am interested in the case $O=O_{\Bbb C_p}$, and it turns out mod p etale cohomology vanish for $i>\text{dim}(X)$ by Artin-schreier sequence while the $2\text{dim}(X)$'s etale cohomology can be nonzero for the generic fiber, see [this answer][1]. So they are not of the same dimension in general and it's natural to ask for a bound. Also, smooth base change theorem is good for $\Bbb Z/\ell$ ($\ell \not=p$) but don't hold if the coefficient sheaf has $p$-torion. From BMS we know $\text{dim}_{\Bbb F_p}H^i_{et}(X_K,\Bbb F_p) \leq \text{dim}_{k}H^i_{dR}(X_k)$, so maybe a lower bound is also possible in our setting. Edit: The case $i=0,1$ is true. What about the case $i=2$? Moreover, $\text{dim} _{\Bbb F_p}H^i_{et}(X,\Bbb F_p)$ is finite and less than $\text{dim}_k H^i(X_k, O_k)$, see [Lemma 0A3L][2] for a related semi-linear algebra result. [1]: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2926134/comparison-of-the-mod-p-etale-cohomology-of-special-fiber-and-generic-fiber/ [2]: https://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/0A3J